Linda Brown Smith, Ethel Louise Belton Brown, Harry Briggs, Jr., and Spottswood Bolling, Jr. during press conference at Hotel Americana, 1964

Brown v. Board of Education: Annotated

...It is true that public school education at the time of the Amendment had advanced further in the North, but the effect of the Amendment on Northern States was generally...
Six young men riding on a horse-drawn wagon filled with corn at the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youth in Bordentown, NJ, 1935

Even the Best Jim Crow School…Was Still a Jim Crow School

...“Blacks in New Jersey had been debating the merits of school integration for more than half a century, especially in the southern region of the state, where whites aggressively enforced...
Robert Smalls, born in Beaufort, SC, April 1839

Using Data to Discover and Explore the Stories of Enslaved People

...not have thought to look in the collections of a Louisiana university archive for the stories of formerly enslaved people in North Carolina or Florida. Albert Todd, to take one...

The First Famous Football Team Behind Bars

...of the year. However, a mere 30 miles north of LSU in Jackson, Louisiana, a group of incarcerated individuals suit up in purple and gold every November for Dixon Correctional...

Secret Societies and the Fight for Black Freedom

...(150,000).” These organizations “not only [aided] in the transition of blacks from slavery to freedom, but also from farm to factory and from the South to the urban North and...
A poster used in Japan to attract immigrants to Brazil. It reads: "Let's go to South America (Brazil highlighted) with families."

Asian South America

...since over the European naming of Indigenous people of the Caribbean, and then North and South America, as Indians. Globalization being centuries old, the movement of people coexisted alongside trade—even...
Reverse Freedom Riders in Hyannis, MA in 1962

The Reverse Freedom Rides

...a seat in the US Senate: “President Kennedy’s brother assures you a grand reception to Massachusetts.” The trips north would serve several political purposes, according to the man who thought...
Foundation of the American Government by Henry Hintermeister

A Colorblind Compromise?

...state, then states with more enslaved people would also have a higher tax liability. Revisiting this fateful debate, scholar and sociologist Kasey Henricks writes: “This framing positioned the North to...
Earl Stewart (L) and Michael Veal (R)

The Scholars Charting Black Music’s Timeline: Earl Stewart and Michael Veal

...discuss the long lineage of music as it stretches from the African continent to North America via the slave trade. Blending their music with European musical forms, enslaved Africans—and later...
Cecil B. Moore, president of the Philadelphia chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, uses a hand microphone to talk to people gathered this afternoon at the Reyburn Plaza construction site for the Municipal Services building.

Northern Civil Rights and Republican Affirmative Action

Histories of the US Civil Rights era concentrate on the South, where customary and legal racial segregation was most manifest, and most murderous. What happened in the North? Plenty, writes...