Six young men riding on a horse-drawn wagon filled with corn at the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youth in Bordentown, NJ, 1935

Even the Best Jim Crow School…Was Still a Jim Crow School

...“Blacks in New Jersey had been debating the merits of school integration for more than half a century, especially in the southern region of the state, where whites aggressively enforced...
Robert Smalls, born in Beaufort, SC, April 1839

Using Data to Discover and Explore the Stories of Enslaved People

...Medal of Honor for his service. In a 45-page article in the Journal of Negro History published in 1935, organized thematically to explore different aspects of enslaved life and quoting...

The First Famous Football Team Behind Bars

...of the year. However, a mere 30 miles north of LSU in Jackson, Louisiana, a group of incarcerated individuals suit up in purple and gold every November for Dixon Correctional...

Secret Societies and the Fight for Black Freedom

...in the institutions of the black community.” As Dunbar explains, Black people in North America began organizing as early as 1693. People enslaved in Massachusetts united in the Society of...
A poster used in Japan to attract immigrants to Brazil. It reads: "Let's go to South America (Brazil highlighted) with families."

Asian South America

...when that trade wasn’t actually in people. Consider the 1613 census of Lima in the Viceroy of Peru. The city’s population was 25,000: “in the midst of Spaniards, blacks, and...
Reverse Freedom Riders in Hyannis, MA in 1962

The Reverse Freedom Rides

...racial integration. At its height, the organization was the “most powerful political force” in support of segregation and had at least 300,000 members. In regional and local chapters, the Councils...
Foundation of the American Government by Henry Hintermeister

A Colorblind Compromise?

...for instance, Alexander Hamilton pleaded with Northerners to empathize with those in the “unfortunate situation” of having a “great part of their population, as well as property, in blacks.” In...
Earl Stewart (L) and Michael Veal (R)

The Scholars Charting Black Music’s Timeline: Earl Stewart and Michael Veal

...free people—would develop sounds and styles, explain Stewart and Maultsby. “As freed people, Blacks and their descendants continued to create new and distinctive styles of Black music in the tradition...
Cecil B. Moore, president of the Philadelphia chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, uses a hand microphone to talk to people gathered this afternoon at the Reyburn Plaza construction site for the Municipal Services building.

Northern Civil Rights and Republican Affirmative Action

...to Blacks cautiously “avoided all publicity” and consequently got nowhere. Brasher, more militant strategies like boycotts and picketing came with the 1960s. In fact, protests in Philadelphia in 1963 turned...
A line of black civil war soldiers holding their rifles circa 1860

Black Soldier Desertion in the Civil War

...well as in the North feared arming Blacks would inspire slave rebellions and attacks on whites. The great majority of African American soldiers “adjusted to military life and proved courageous,”...