A drawn portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Pakistan’s Ambiguous Islamic Identity

Pragmatism, not faith, drove Muhammad Ali Jinnah to lead the call for the founding of the new Islamic state of Pakistan.
Indian Paramilitary troopers stand guard in the city center Srinagar, Kashmir, India

How Did Kashmir’s 72-Year-Old Conflict Begin?

The proposal to partition British India along religious lines was put forward as early as 1940. The resulting constitutional provision endured until 2019.