Margaret Chase Smith being sworn into the House of Representatives on June 10, 1940

Declaration of Conscience: Annotated

In June 1950, Senator Margaret Chase Smith criticized Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist campaigns. She was the first of his colleagues to challenge his Red Scare rhetoric.
Dr. Karl Menninger

Should Punishment Fit the Crime?

Dr. Karl Menninger on the crime of punishment.
Factory chimneys pumping out pollution in the Ruhr, Germany, 1970

A Precautionary Tale

West Germany’s “do no harm” approach to environmental protection—which became known as the precautionary principle—was revolutionary in its time.