[{"id":338362,"date":"2026-09-24T09:55:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T13:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org?p=338362&#038;preview=true&#038;preview_id=338362"},"modified":"2026-09-18T16:24:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T20:24:40","slug":"teaching-students-to-follow-an-idea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/teaching-students-to-follow-an-idea\/","title":{"rendered":"Teaching Students to Follow an Idea"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I teach first-year academic writing courses in the University of Georgia English Department. Lately, I have been using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a> to help my students see research differently through an activity I call \u201cBiography of an Idea.\u201d Students begin with one scholarly article in JSTOR, usually from their discipline, and choose an idea, question, concept, argument, or even a citation that interests them. They then follow that idea backward and forward through scholarship: tracing where it came from, how other scholars have changed or challenged it, and what happens to it as it moves from one source to another. The goal is not simply to find more sources, but to experience research as an act of following knowledge. In this way, their paper becomes an intellectual conversation.<\/p>\n<p>I developed this activity because students often perceive research writing as a series of requirements: finding scholarly sources, writing an annotated bibliography, citing sources, and producing a literature review. These requirements are useful, but they can also make scholarship seem like a collection of finished objects. Articles appear in databases, then students download them, extract information, and cite them. I wanted students to see something different: scholarship as a conversation that changes over time.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">By following an idea backward and forward, students begin to see research not simply as finding information, but as encountering knowledge.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>For \u201cBiography of an Idea,\u201d I ask students to select a scholarly article that connects to a question they are already exploring. The article does not have to provide the answer to their research question. In fact, it is often more productive if it gives them something to wonder about. I then ask them to choose one idea from the article. It might be:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A concept the author uses<\/li>\n<li>A question the author raises<\/li>\n<li>An argument that surprises the student<\/li>\n<li>A disagreement between scholars<\/li>\n<li>A term the student does not fully understand<\/li>\n<li>A claim that makes the student want to know, \u201cWhere did this come from?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That last question is where the research begins.<\/p>\n<h2>The research paper as a conversation<\/h2>\n<p>In academic writing, we often tell students that they need to \u201cjoin the conversation.\u201d I use that particular metaphor frequently, but I realized that students did not always understand what a scholarly conversation actually looks like. This is especially true for students from educational contexts where academic writing was not part of their training. Many of them come to my class and learn about it for the first time. The activity is especially useful for students who are new to academic writing.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d gives them a way to see that conversation in action. Every conversation has a history: Someone says something. Someone else responds. Another person disagrees. Someone takes an earlier idea and applies it somewhere new. Another scholar changes the terminology. Sometimes an idea becomes so familiar that scholars stop citing the person who first introduced it. Sometimes an argument disappears for decades and then returns in a new form.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a> is particularly useful for making this history visible because students can move among scholarly works rather than encountering each article as an isolated document. By following an idea backward and forward, they begin to see research not simply as finding information, but as encountering knowledge: deciding what questions are worth asking, learning the language that makes those questions searchable, figuring out which sources to trust, and making choices about whose ideas become part of their own work.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list  bg-color-blue rounded-corner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">Assignment at a glance<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"description\"><strong>Course:<\/strong> First-year academic writing.<br \/>\n<strong>Student level:<\/strong> First-year undergraduate.<br \/>\n<strong>Format:<\/strong> Individual assignment with in-class research and discussion.<br \/>\n<strong>Time:<\/strong> Approximately one week (two sessions).<br \/>\n<strong>Sources:<\/strong> One starting article and approximately three to five additional scholarly sources traced backward and forward.<br \/>\n<strong>Final product:<\/strong> A 250\u20131500-word \u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d that traces the development of the selected idea and explains how its meaning or use changes across sources.<br \/>\n<strong>JSTOR preparation:<\/strong> Students receive a brief introduction to JSTOR\u2019s search, citation, and citation-tracing features before beginning the assignment.<br \/>\n<strong>Evaluation:<\/strong> The assignment is evaluated based on the quality of the student\u2019s chosen idea, the relevance and range of sources traced, the accuracy of the research trail, and the student\u2019s ability to explain how the idea develops across the scholarly conversation. For more, see Step 5.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<h2>Step 1: Find an idea worth following<\/h2>\n<p>Students start with a JSTOR article related to their research interests. For example, say, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24754227\">Responsibility or Liability? Student Loan Debt and Time Use in College<\/a>\u201d (Quadlin and Rudel, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>I tell them not to worry about finding <em>the<\/em> perfect article. At this stage, curiosity matters more than completeness. They read with a slightly different question than they might normally ask of a scholarly source: <em>What in this article makes me want to know more?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In Quadlin and Rudel\u2019s article, a student might become interested in the idea of student debt as either a responsibility that motivates them or a liability that constrains them. The student then writes briefly about why this idea caught their attention. This changes the starting question from <em>What source do I need to fulfill the assignment?<\/em> to <em>What do I want to understand?<\/em> Research begins with intellectual curiosity.<\/p>\n<h2>Step 2: Follow the idea backward<\/h2>\n<p>Once students have identified an idea, they review the article&#8217;s citations and references. I ask them to find at least one earlier source that appears to have influenced the idea and use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a> to locate and read it to understand the relationship.<\/p>\n<p>For the Quadlin and Rudel example, one can trace the debate over whether educational debt encourages responsible behavior or creates financial constraints.<\/p>\n<p>In this example, students look for two answers:<\/p>\n<p><em>What did the earlier scholar say?<\/em> and <em>What did Quadlin and Rudel do with it?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Sometimes the relationship between the ideas above is straightforward, and sometimes it isn&#8217;t. Sometimes the chosen scholar revises or complicates the earlier argument. In any case, students begin to see that the citations are more than evidence that a writer did research. They are the evidence of a relationship between ideas.<\/p>\n<h2>Step 3: Follow the research forward<\/h2>\n<p>After moving backward, students move forward in their research.<\/p>\n<p>Students then use the chosen article\u2019s citation information to locate later scholarship that also engages with the article or idea.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24754227\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-338496 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/teaching_students_to_follow_an_idea_2000.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot indicating where the citation information can be found on JSTOR\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1164\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Returning to Quadlin and Rudel, for example, later researchers have taken up the relationship between educational debt, time use, and students\u2019 broader college experience. A student might ask if someone:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Adopted it?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Challenged it?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Renamed it?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Stopped using it?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Applied it to another community, historical period, discipline, or problem?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Discovered a problem with the original argument?<\/em><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">\u00a0<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Students begin to see an intellectual genealogy because they can see their idea has predecessors, descendants, disagreements, and adaptations.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t<script>\nvar 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movement rather than summarizing each article.<\/p>\n<p>In the Quadlin and Rudel example, the student might trace the idea this way:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Earlier scholars debated debt as responsibility or liability.<\/li>\n<li>Quadlin and Rudel examined those possibilities through students\u2019 patterns of time use.<\/li>\n<li>Scholars after Quadlin and Rudel extended the conversation by connecting educational debt and time use to other dimensions of students\u2019 experiences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At this stage of their activity, students begin to realize that scholarly knowledge is not static. It changes as scholars revise questions, terms, arguments, and research context. This is also the moment where I begin to talk about the ethics of research. Some themes of questions I have brought to class include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Who gets cited?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Who gets remembered in the field?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Whose terminology becomes standard?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>What happens to an argument when later scholars adopt only part of it?<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>What knowledge becomes difficult to find because the language used to search for it has changed?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Step 5: Write the biography<\/h2>\n<p>The final product of this activity is a short \u201cBiography of an Idea.\u201d Students introduce the idea they selected, explain where they encountered it, and narrate what happened to it as they followed it through scholarship.<\/p>\n<p>For the Quadlin and Rudel, a student might write:<\/p>\n<p><em>My initial exposure to the idea that student loan debt influences students\u2019 college experiences was through Natasha Yurk Quadlin and Daniel Rudel\u2019s \u201cResponsibility or Liability?\u201d At first, I saw debt mainly as a financial issue. Reviewing their citations helped me see that scholars had already debated whether debt fosters responsibility or creates constraints. Tracing the conversation forward revealed how later researchers expanded these ideas to other areas of students\u2019 lives. I started with a simple question about debt and ended up with a broader understanding of how financial circumstances shape the college experience.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>From there, they bring in their sources to explain how and what they trace about the idea.<\/p>\n<p>My rubric for assessing the quality of the assignment asks students to demonstrate six things:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>A clearly defined idea or question:<\/strong> The student identifies a specific idea, concept, argument, or question and explains why it is worth following.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Accurate relationships among sources:<\/strong> The student correctly explains how earlier, central, and later sources relate to one another.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Synthesis rather than summary:<\/strong> The student connects sources to show how the idea develops rather than discussing each source separately.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attention to change:<\/strong> The student identifies meaningful changes, disagreements, adaptations, or gaps in the scholarship.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reflection on learning:<\/strong> The student explains what following the idea taught them and how it changed their understanding of their field.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clear and accurate citation:<\/strong> The student appropriately cites the scholarly works they examined and provides enough information for readers to follow the research trail.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The result is still research writing, but students learn to summarize and synthesize sources, trace citations, evaluate evidence, and analyze arguments while also thinking about the production of knowledge itself.<\/p>\n<h2>The wildcard<\/h2>\n<p>Another reason I bring this activity into my writing classes is that my students are required to assemble a portfolio that includes a wildcard piece. This gives students an opportunity to include writing that does not necessarily fit the more conventional genres they have produced during the semester.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d has become a piece students often submit for the wildcard. Others have created a multimodal version of it using text, images, quotations, citations, audio, video, or other media to show how the idea is inherited, transformed, contested, and reimagined.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/lies-damn-lies-andprimary-sources\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/lies_damn_lies_and_primary_sources_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"A collage of JSTOR Primary Sources\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/lies-damn-lies-andprimary-sources\/\">Lies, Damn Lies, and\u2026Primary Sources?<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/nicole-donawho\/\">Nicole Donawho<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJuly 15, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">An instructor shares her approach for teaching students how to evaluate historical materials and claims of veracity made by their originators.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>I let them take both approaches because the portfolio also asks writers to reflect not only on what they researched, but on what happened to them as researchers. \u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d allows them to reflect on how following an idea through scholarship changed their understanding of research, their relationship to sources, and sometimes even the question they thought they were trying to answer. In a way, the wildcard visualizes what is difficult to teach directly: research changes the researcher.<\/p>\n<h2>What students learn about research<\/h2>\n<p>The activity teaches conventional research skills. Those might include searching <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a>, following citations, identifying relevant scholarship, comparing sources, and synthesizing arguments. However, \u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d also helps students reconsider what those skills mean. They begin to see that a source is not simply \u201cgood\u201d because it is scholarly, that a citation is not merely a requirement at the end of a sentence, and that a literature review is more than a list of what other people have said.<\/p>\n<p>A common denominator in all these reactions is that my students begin to see research as a practice of knowledge-making. The above distinction is important to me as a writing instructor. Academic writing courses can easily become courses in academic conventions: where to put the citation, how many sources to use, how to format the bibliography, how to structure the introduction. I am not saying students do not need those conventions. However, those conventions become much more meaningful when students understand the intellectual practices underneath them.<\/p>\n<p>Students begin to search <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a> to recognize the choices involved in the research before they ever open an article. When students search <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\">JSTOR<\/a>, they decide which terms to use, which results are relevant, which citations to follow, and which arguments deserve attention. Those choices shape the knowledge they ultimately produce as writers. By following an idea through scholarship, students can see how terminology shifts, arguments develop, and disagreements emerge, and how their own writing enters that process.<\/p>\n<h2>A small assignment with a larger purpose<\/h2>\n<p>I don&#8217;t expect every student to leave my academic writing course thinking like a historian, literary scholar, or researcher. They may never write another literature review after they graduate. But I do want them to leave knowing something about how knowledge works.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d is deliberately small. A student can complete it with a handful of sources, and the activity can be adapted to different disciplines, levels of experience, and formats. What matters is not the size of the assignment but the shift in perspective it brings into the conversation. Instead of asking only, <em>What does this source tell me?,<\/em>\u00a0my students begin asking: <em>Where did this idea come from?, What happened to it?, Who changed it?, or Whose version survived?<\/em>, leading them to think,<em> What am I doing to it now?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>That last question is perhaps the most important one as a writing instructor, because when students write research papers, they are not simply collecting knowledge that already exists. They are selecting, interpreting, connecting, and presenting knowledge for a new audience. \u201cBiography of an Idea\u201d gives them a way to see that process happening on a small scale before they attempt it in a larger research project. In doing so, it helps them understand not only how to produce academic writing, but how academic knowledge gets produced in the first place.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A five-step classroom exercise reframes research as an evolving scholarly conversation rather than a search for sources.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":338491,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8026,6],"tags":[1318,6269],"class_list":["post-338362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","category-education-and-society","tag-education","tag-teaching","daily_series-pedagogies","daily_series-teaching-resources","pub_tag-social-forces","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - 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a Library in Wartime Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Germans began firing on Paris again on the fifth of August 1918. Mary Josephine Booth was familiar with the sound of the air raid sirens by then. If they came at night, she would jump out of her bed at the Hotel Petrograd, dress, take what valuables she had, and if the shelling was especially fierce, retreat to the basement. But if the sirens came during the day, then Booth, clad in her olive-green uniform, would remain at her post in an ornate building across the street from the Palais de L\u2019\u00c9lys\u00e9e. \u201cWe had to keep working to get the library ready to open,\u201d she would later write.<\/p>\n<p>Booth was one of hundreds of librarians who went to war alongside American troops during the First World War. In the summer of 1918, the 42-year-old woman from Illinois served with fellow recruits to the American Library Association\u2019s Library War Service as they prepared to open an American library in the war-scarred French capital, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/site\/americanlibraryinparis\/10ruedelelysee\">pictures of which are now available from the American Library in Paris via JSTOR<\/a>. Booth helped with unpacking and sorting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295459\">countless books that arrived from the home front<\/a>, cataloguing titles for the new library (a project made more challenging by the lack of a Dewey Decimal reference guide) and selecting which would be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295455\">sent to \u201cour boys in the front trenches.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338445\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338445\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295459\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338445\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338445\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_2_2000.jpg\" alt=\"Ornate room lined with windows with wooden crates and books waiting to be packed or unpacked.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1581\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338445\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Books at the ALA Dispatch Office Widener Branch in Philadelphia being readied to be shipped abroad for the Library War Service, ca. 1918. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>When the United States entered the conflict, the American Library Association had not been well known. In fact, among other organizations doing war relief work, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25685719\">the ALA was, on occasion, mistaken<\/a> for the American Laundry Association and the Australian Light Artillery. By 1920, the group would raise $5 million from the American public, build 36 camp library buildings, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4307216\">distribute more than 10 million books and magazines to soldiers<\/a> stationed at 5,000 locations across the United States and Europe.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338449\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338449\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295455\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338449\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338449\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_6_2000.jpg\" alt=\"\u201cALA Central Library\u201d Shipping Department. Personnel processing library materials.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1402\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Personnel processing library materials at the ALA Central Library Shipping Department, likely at 10 rue de l&#8217;\u00c9lys\u00e9e, ca. 1918. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Booth seemed like a natural fit for the Library War Service. She was a graduate of the Illinois State Library School, had worked as a librarian at Eastern Illinois Normal School for more than a dozen years, and she was eager to join the war effort in Europe. But the American Library Association did not initially warmly welcome women to the ranks of its war service. The organization saw the undertaking as an opportunity to masculinize the women-dominated profession, historian of librarianship Suzanne M. Stauffer says. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2307\/90015233\">Only men \u201cof real executive ability\u201d were officially permitted to be camp librarians<\/a>, as the presence of women \u201cwould interfere with the freedom of the men in their camp life\u201d and would deter \u201cred-blooded he-readers\u201d from using the libraries.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338444\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338444\" style=\"width: 1050px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295418\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338444\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338444\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_1_1050.jpg\" alt=\"Story hour in children's room, a small space at base of a stairwell.\" width=\"1050\" height=\"1451\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338444\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Story hour in children\u2019s room, a small space at base of a stairwell. This image is from 1920, after the the library shifted from a wartime library to one accessible to some Parisians. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>That was not Booth\u2019s experience. She arrived in France in November 1917 as a Red Cross volunteer. Her first assignment was in a canteen at an aviation training center near Tours. There, she made ham, cheese, and jam sandwiches and built a makeshift library of her own. On January 21, 1918, she noted in her diary that there were \u201cabout 175 books ready to circulate,\u201d purchased by a fellow canteener who had been given some money to \u201cbuy whatever was most needed.\u201d Booth would later recall the popularity of the women\u2019s library: \u201cThere were calls for mechanical books, as well as novels with lots of life and love, blood and thunder, and in contrast the poems of Milton and Browning.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338448\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338448\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295452\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338448\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338448\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_5_2000.jpg\" alt=\"Library War Service staff in Director Burton Stevenson\u2019s office (Stevenson seated at desk to left).\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1490\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Library War Service staff in Director Burton Stevenson\u2019s office. Stevenson is seated at a desk to left, Mary Booth is seated, wearing a tie, Elizabeth Gray Potter is to the photo-right of her. The woman behind the typewriter is a stenographer named Elizabeth Jones Webster. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>By 1918, the ALA had realized that it could not succeed in its mission without women librarians, though they were often<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25549497\">relegated to behind-the-scenes roles<\/a>. In Europe, the director of the Army Library Service was Burton Stevenson, whose library at Camp Sherman in Ohio served as the basis for the Library War Service. Stevenson sometimes wondered how he, a Princeton dropout who became a librarian after marrying one, had achieved the position. He wrote to a friend from Paris, \u201cmy library work previous to about a year ago, was a sort of avocation, a sort of recreation which kept me in touch with books; so it seems strange to me sometimes that I should be the man selected to come to France to represent the A.L.A.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295452\"><span>A photo in Stevenson\u2019s office dated 1919 shows the American library staff<\/span><\/a>. Booth, in her ALA uniform complete with tie, is gathered with five other women, including librarian-in-charge Elizabeth Gray Potter, and one other man.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338447\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338447\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295431\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338447\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338447\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_4_2000.jpg\" alt=\"Circulation desk with mirrored wall behind.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1476\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338447\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Circulation desk with mirrored wall behind. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The American library opened its doors at 10, Rue L\u2019\u00c9lys\u00e9e on August 29, 1918, as planned. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295431\">The marble-columned entrance hall of the former home of the papal legate<\/a> was taken up with a circulation desk; two large reception rooms with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295410\">frescoed ceilings and mirrored walls had been converted into reading rooms<\/a>; and the central hallway was lined with bookshelves for more than 7,000 titles. It was soon filled with men in khaki. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25685761\">\u201cIt was astonishing how quickly the soldiers discovered there was an American Library in Paris,\u201d<\/a> Potter noted.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_338446\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-338446\" style=\"width: 2000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/community.42295410\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-338446\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-338446\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_3_2000.jpg\" alt=\"Reference desk and reading room\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1549\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-338446\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reference desk and reading room, ca. 1927. Click on the image to take a closer look.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Booth was quickly sent off on new missions. First, she organized the library of the new US military intelligence section (\u201cseveral thousand books, English, French, Italian, German, especially strong in history, economics and military affairs\u201d) and then, after the November 1918 armistice, she traveled through France sending books from the front back to Paris. \u201cAfter the signing of the Armistice,\u201d she later wrote, \u201cthe need of books was greater than ever; thousands of Americans in a strange land, all wanting to get home with nothing to do.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span 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gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_17_1'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Email<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_email'>\n                            <input name='input_1' id='input_17_1' type='email' value='' class='large'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\"  \/>\n                        <\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_17_5\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-select gfield--input-type-select gfield--width-half gfield_contains_required field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_17_5'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>What best describes you?<\/span><span class=\"gfield_required\"><span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span><\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_select'><select name='input_5' id='input_17_5' class='large gfield_select'    aria-required=\"true\" aria-invalid=\"false\" ><option value='Other' >Reader<\/option><option value='Student' >Student<\/option><option value='Undergraduate Student' >Undergraduate Student<\/option><option value='Graduate Student' >Graduate Student<\/option><option value='Instructor\/Faculty' >Instructor\/Faculty<\/option><option value='Librarian' >Librarian<\/option><option value='Researcher' >Researcher<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <button type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_17' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' >Subscribe<\/button> \n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' 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value='WyJ7XCI1XCI6W1wiZDViNzc2ZWFmYmQxNWEzMWQ1ZTc1Zjc3MDkzMzEwNzJcIixcIjFhZmNmYjE5N2RjNmYyY2ZhMmI2NjY1ZGE0MzI3MTU2XCIsXCJhYjczNzVjOWM3ZDk3Nzc1NjA3MmQzNjRmYmViYjZlNFwiLFwiOWY4NjlmMDMzMDM0M2UwMWI2OTU1MjQ0OGQ2MWEyZDNcIixcIjk3OTA4YjhmZDgyZDlhYThiZDA1NmRmYzE4ZTExNjM2XCIsXCJiN2M2NDY4YTc4MGU5YmU5OGUzNTJhYjVhNGYxNWMwOVwiLFwiMjRkYjY3N2NhMzMwODZhOWZhZWFkYWVjZjgwMDQ4OTlcIl0sXCJnZm9ybV9zdWJtaXNzaW9uX21ldGhvZFwiOltcIjg4ZDEwOWIzYmZiYjRiOWI2MzY2N2I4Y2Q2ZjQxMzhkXCIsXCJlZGVhMTg1OGM4MDU1YWI1NGRmYzVjN2JmNmY5ZTI3NlwiXSxcImdmb3JtX3RoZW1lXCI6XCJlZmJiNzcwN2FiMDg0N2FkNjJjNzk0MzE5YTlkM2JiM1wiLFwiZ2Zvcm1fc3R5bGVfc2V0dGluZ3NcIjpcIjQzOTkxOTg2YzRjMGM3ZTMxNDA3NDI4MjExZDhkNGIwXCIsXCJmb3JtX2lkXCI6XCI2ZjlhNjM5MWZhZGUyYmFiNjA5ZjM0NTI4MzlkZDc3MFwiLFwidXJsXCI6W1wiZmE0MGE1NDA0NjRlMmE3YWMxM2YzZTlhZmNhNmZmNTFcIixcIjU3MWVjY2FlMDFjNDljYzViM2E0NzQ4MmY4ZjQ0MDliXCJdLFwic3RhdGVfdGltZXN0YW1wXCI6XCI4MTE4NzY5YTQ5YWZlZDgyNzc2MDI5YzQ4NzE1OWVjOVwifSIsIjNlMjVmNWRkZDIyYjY0MzJlZGIyZDg5ZDUzNWMyYWM5IiwxNzkwMzEyNzI5XQ==' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_2\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"129\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_2\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>Before returning to the library at Eastern Illinois Normal School (now Eastern Illinois University) in the summer of 1919, Booth\u2019s last act was handing out magazines from the ALA to departing soldiers. She would go on to serve as a librarian at Eastern Illinois for another twenty-five years\u2014and the American Library in Paris she helped to establish still exists today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Photos from the American Library in Paris reveal how librarians brought books to US troops during World War I.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":174,"featured_media":338459,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11137],"tags":[4527,3044,256],"class_list":["post-337132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-world-history","tag-librarians","tag-libraries","tag-world-war-i","daily_column-archive-adventures","daily_series-shared-collections","pub_tag-journal-of-education-for-library-and-information-science","pub_tag-libraries-the-cultural-record","pub_tag-part-of-the-american-library-in-paris-10-rue-de-lelysee-8e-1920-1936","pub_tag-the-library-quarterly-information-community-policy","pub_tag-this-item-is-openly-available-as-part-of-an-open-jstor-collection","daily_article_types-shared-collections-jstor","daily_article_types-column"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Building a Library in Wartime Paris - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Photos from the American Library in Paris reveal how librarians brought books to US troops during World War I.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Building a Library in Wartime Paris - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Photos from the American Library in Paris reveal how librarians brought books to US troops during World War I.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-23T13:44:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_3_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"April White\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"April White\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d790347c1ea93c3a23c070bae33aa8b8\"},\"headline\":\"Building a Library in Wartime Paris\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-23T13:44:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1180,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/building-a-library-in-wartime-paris\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/building_a_library_in_wartime_paris_3_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"librarians\",\"libraries\",\"World War I\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; 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And, as Michele Monserrati, a scholar of modern Italian studies, writes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48867448\">that helps explain why Italian Fascists were obsessed with samurai<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Monserrati writes that Italians, and Europeans in general, got many of their ideas about samurai from a 1900 book by Japanese diplomat Nitobe Inaz\u014d, a strong supporter of Japan&#8217;s colonization of Korea. Titled <em>Bushido: The Soul of Japan<\/em>, the book was written in English to convey a vision of Japanese culture to a Western audience. It presented the samurai as similar to the chivalric knights of European legend, propelled to victory by honor, courage, and loyalty.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">Samurai imagery gained prominence during World War I, which many right-wing Italians viewed as an opportunity to reinvigorate a militaristic form of nationalism.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>This image influenced the Italian view of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904\u20131905, in which European journalists presented the Japanese soldiers as samurai-like paragons of discipline and self-sacrifice.<\/p>\n<p>Monserrati writes that this was inspiring stuff for many young Italians, who\u2014much like many in Japan\u2014were frustrated with their country\u2019s minor position in geopolitics and interested in modernization and building an imperial power. Samurai imagery gained prominence during World War I, which many right-wing Italians viewed as an opportunity to reinvigorate a militaristic form of nationalism.<\/p>\n<p>One of these thinkers was Bartolomeo Balbi, who translated <em>Bushido<\/em> and other Japanese books. In particular, he was interested in the idea of honorable death, including ritual suicide. He likened <em>seppuku<\/em> to the mythological story of the Roman soldier Marcus Curtius, who rode his horse into a chasm to save Rome from destruction.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-race-shaped-new-yorks-view-of-chinese-opera\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/how_race_shaped_new_yorks_view_of_chinese_opera_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"Mei Lan-fang\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-race-shaped-new-yorks-view-of-chinese-opera\/\">How Race Shaped New York\u2019s View of Chinese Opera<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/h-m-a-leow\/\">H.M.A. Leow<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMay 29, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">In 1930s New York, Chinese opera was praised uptown but mocked in Chinatown.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>Shimoi Harukichi, a Japanese writer from a samurai lineage, moved to Italy in 1915 and worked to align the nationalism of the two countries. He identified <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/do-you-know-fascism-when-you-see-it\/\">Fascism<\/a> as a spiritual movement comparable to the bushido warrior ethos.<\/p>\n<p>In one wild anecdote, Monserrati writes that Shimoi helped engineer an invitation from the Japanese soft drink company Calpis to have Mussolini offer an \u201cinspirational message\u201d to Japanese youth. Il Duce delivered a speech highlighting the commonalities between bushido and Fascism.<\/p>\n<p>With actual samurai <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/whatever-happened-to-the-samurai\/\">sidelined<\/a> as Japan modernized in the nineteenth century, Italians were able to cherry-pick the aspects of the samurai&#8217;s image that they found most relevant. Some Fascists admired Japan&#8217;s use of Shinto shrines and ritual to endow its militaristic nationalism with spiritual power.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_17' 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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_3\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"59\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_3\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>Others were particularly interested in <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wang-wei-poet-of-buddhist-emptiness\">Zen Buddhism<\/a>, which Japanese thinkers including <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/d-t-suzukis-very-american-zen\/\">D.T. Suzuki<\/a> argued was a key to bushido. Here the focus was not nationalism but a spiritual discipline that supposedly allowed warriors to accept death with equanimity.<\/p>\n<p>Julius Evola, a Fascist intellectual who wanted Italy to abandon Catholicism for <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/fascist-architecture-in-rome\/\">ancient Roman<\/a> paganism, proposed that Zen was an outgrowth of an ancient \u201cIndo-Aryan\u201d religion mirrored by ascetic European traditions. Following World War II, he helped lionize kamikaze pilots who supposedly accepted death with a Zen-inspired inner peace. He became a major figure in the postwar Italian right and continued to use samurai as symbols of courageous resistance to materialism and modernity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Japan offered Italian Fascists a powerful example of how ancient traditions could serve modern nationalism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":338500,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11137],"tags":[5454,32],"class_list":["post-338428","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-world-history","tag-fascism","tag-japan","pub_tag-japan-review","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Why Italian Fascists Loved Samurai - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Japan offered Italian Fascists a powerful example of how ancient traditions could serve modern nationalism.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why Italian Fascists Loved Samurai - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Japan offered Italian Fascists a powerful example of how ancient traditions could serve modern nationalism.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-22T13:32:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/why_italian_fascists_loved_samurai_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"701\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Livia Gershon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Livia Gershon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/fd0bdc07f162fa2dc848f01315000b35\"},\"headline\":\"Why Italian Fascists Loved Samurai\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-22T13:32:40+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":553,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/why_italian_fascists_loved_samurai_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"fascism\",\"Japan\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; 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History","World History"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/","url":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/","name":"Why Italian Fascists Loved Samurai - JSTOR Daily","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/why_italian_fascists_loved_samurai_1050x700.jpg","datePublished":"2026-09-22T13:32:40+00:00","description":"Japan offered Italian Fascists a powerful example of how ancient traditions could serve modern nationalism.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/why_italian_fascists_loved_samurai_1050x700.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/why_italian_fascists_loved_samurai_1050x700.jpg","width":1050,"height":701,"caption":"A portrait of a Japanese soldier by Baron Raimund von Stillfried, 1881"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-italian-fascists-loved-samurai\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Why Italian Fascists Loved Samurai"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/","name":"JSTOR Daily","description":"from JSTOR, nonprofit library for the intellectually curious","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#organization","name":"JSTOR Daily","url":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/J_Daily-Logo_04_350w.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/J_Daily-Logo_04_350w.png","width":351,"height":111,"caption":"JSTOR Daily"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org","https:\/\/x.com\/JSTOR_Daily"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/#\/schema\/person\/fd0bdc07f162fa2dc848f01315000b35","name":"Livia Gershon","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0f925a562eed87157d411c648af3fe3fa7a44c55681d83568eaa525186c68b49?s=96&d=wp_user_avatar&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0f925a562eed87157d411c648af3fe3fa7a44c55681d83568eaa525186c68b49?s=96&d=wp_user_avatar&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/0f925a562eed87157d411c648af3fe3fa7a44c55681d83568eaa525186c68b49?s=96&d=wp_user_avatar&r=g","caption":"Livia Gershon"},"description":"Livia Gershon is a freelance writer in Nashua, New Hampshire. Her writing has appeared in publications including Salon, Aeon Magazine and the Good Men Project. Contact her on Twitter @liviagershon."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338428","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=338428"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338428\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338479,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338428\/revisions\/338479"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=338428"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=338428"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=338428"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":338166,"date":"2026-09-21T09:52:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T13:52:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/?p=338166"},"modified":"2026-09-18T13:48:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T17:48:12","slug":"ancient-romes-complicated-border","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We live in an age of hardened borders and militarized frontiers. Particularly since the September 11, 2001 attacks and then the Covid-19 pandemic, the supposedly borderless world of globalization has seen significant retrenchment and \u201cre-bordering,\u201d including the rise of nationalist movements hostile to immigration.<\/p>\n<p>It doesn\u2019t require a stretch to understand why what scholar Andrew Gardner calls the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27255960\">lived complexities<\/a>\u201d of the Mexico<span>\u2013<\/span>US border has helped give rise to the interdisciplinary field of Border Studies. And it\u2019s easy to see why Hadrian\u2019s Wall, the imperial Roman boundary across northern England, has been taken up by the relatively new discipline. For even though Hadrian\u2019s Wall is more than 1,900 years old, it presents a classic case for the study of the ideas and the practices of a frontier between <i>us<\/i> and <i>them<\/i>, a formulation that works on both sides of a divide.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">The wall marks neither the English\u2013Scottish border nor the furthest northern extent of Roman Britannia.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>Hadrian\u2019s Wall is the place of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.english-heritage.org.uk\/visit\/places\/hadrians-wall\/hadrians-wall-history-and-stories\/history\/research\/\">continuing archeological discovery<\/a>, even after all these years and explorations. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it\u2019s also a famed tourist attraction, with thousands walking the entire 84-mile route of the wall\u2019s National Trail every year, while hundreds of thousands visit sections of it. (See the <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/an-untimely-death-at-sycamore-gap\/\">Sycamore Gap<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>The wall also has, argues Gardner, \u201can even wider influence in popular culture, concomitant with its iconic status as a robust linear barrier.\u201d He refers to its implicit use in Brexit and Scottish independence debates and, more benignly, its influence on the ice wall in George R.R. Martin\u2019s epic <i>A Song of Ice and Fire<\/i>, a.k.a. <i>Game of Thrones<\/i>. Noting such absurdities as a movie Robin Hood walking the hundreds of miles between the White Cliffs of Dover and Hadrian\u2019s Wall in an afternoon jaunt (<i>Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves<\/i>, 1991), Gardner also caveats that the wall\u2019s \u201cinfluence is frequently rooted in misconceptions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Construction of the stone wall began in 122 CE. It was named after the Emperor Hadrian, who toured the northern provinces of Germany and Britain in 121<span>\u2013<\/span>122 to consolidate the empire\u2019s frontiers. Hadrian himself likely inspected the wall\u2019s ongoing work.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-rome-a-city-of-immigrants\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ancient_rome_a_city_of_immigrants_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"Sculptors in Ancient Rome by Lawrence Alma-Tadema\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-rome-a-city-of-immigrants\/\">Ancient Rome: A City of Immigrants<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/matthew-wills\/\">Matthew Wills<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAugust 17, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">A neighborhood beyond the Tiber became home to generations of Jewish and Syrian migrants who reshaped the imperial capital.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>It should be noted that the wall marks neither the English<span>\u2013<\/span>Scottish border nor the furthest northern extent of Roman Britannia. One hundred miles further north, the Romans built the 39-mile-long Antonine Wall, begun in 142 CE. This structure, at the narrowest part of Britain, was named after Emperor Antonius Pius, Hadrian having died in 138. As an earthwork with a wooden palisade, however, much less of Antonius\u2019s wall has survived the ensuing millennia. The Antonine Wall was abandoned after about twenty years, while Hadrian\u2019s Wall remained the frontier for nearly 300 years, until the demise of Roman Britain in the early fifth century.<\/p>\n<p>Much of the stone used to construct Hadrian\u2019s Wall and its forts and milecastles was recycled over the centuries, but the stone footings largely remain, as do the flanking ditches. The turf construction of the westernmost thirty miles of wall is its least studied section.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAs we know well from the large-scale changes of plan during the construction period, through to the later blocking of some gates at milecastles and forts, the Wall did not have a singular purpose or meaning, perhaps even not for Hadrian himself,\u201d writes Gardner.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_17' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id=\"field_17_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_17_6'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Name<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_6' id='input_17_6' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'\/><\/div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_17_6'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.<\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_17_2\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-html 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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_4\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"84\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_4\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>It does not look forbidding today, but in its time the wall was a \u201crobust boundary\u2014within a broad militarized zone.\u201d It caused significant settlement pattern changes both on the Northumbrian plain and further north into Scotland. \u201cThe complex interplay of accommodation and exclusion that is characteristic of borderlands,\u201d was at play in the north of England (and the south of Scotland), just as it is in modern borderlands.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe mixture of inequality, violence and interaction on the frontier creates local dynamics with far-reaching consequences,\u201d writes Gardner of today\u2019s world, but he is also speaking by analogy of ancient Rome and its far-flung frontiers. Rome defined the frontier, and the frontier defined Rome. The \u201ccontinual duality of borders\u201d is \u201cnot only dividing and fixing, but always also connecting and changing.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? Its history challenges the idea that walls simply separate one side from another.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":338498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11137],"tags":[4210,8274],"class_list":["post-338166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-world-history","tag-ancient-rome","tag-borders","pub_tag-britannia","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? Its history challenges the idea that walls simply separate one side from another.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? Its history challenges the idea that walls simply separate one side from another.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/matthew.wills.9465\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-21T13:52:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ancient_romes_complicated_border_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Matthew Wills\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Matthew Wills\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/79555175827fa94c76561265141d66e7\"},\"headline\":\"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-21T13:52:07+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":725,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/ancient_romes_complicated_border_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Ancient Rome\",\"borders\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; History\",\"World History\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border - JSTOR Daily\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/ancient_romes_complicated_border_1050x700.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-21T13:52:07+00:00\",\"description\":\"What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? 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He has published in Poetry, Huffington Post, and Nature Conservancy Magazine, among other places, and blogs regularly about urban natural history at matthewwills.com.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/matthew.wills.9465\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border - JSTOR Daily","description":"What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? Its history challenges the idea that walls simply separate one side from another.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/ancient-romes-complicated-border\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ancient Rome\u2019s Complicated Border - JSTOR Daily","og_description":"What did Hadrian\u2019s Wall actually do? 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He has published in Poetry, Huffington Post, and Nature Conservancy Magazine, among other places, and blogs regularly about urban natural history at matthewwills.com.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/matthew.wills.9465"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=338166"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338413,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338166\/revisions\/338413"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=338166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=338166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=338166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":338120,"date":"2026-09-18T09:42:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T13:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/?p=338120"},"modified":"2026-09-17T10:31:32","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T14:31:32","slug":"the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\/","title":{"rendered":"The Women Who Sold Books Door to Door"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the second half of the nineteenth century, before the rise of <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/gilded-age-philanthropy\/\">public libraries<\/a>, many people in remote parts of the United States got their hands on new books thanks to traveling salespeople. As literature scholar and archivist Jolie Braun writes, drawing on three memoirs from this era, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48647114\">women in that line of work had some distinct advantages but also faced serious hardships, both physical and social.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The booksellers visited homes and businesses with sample books, took orders, and then later delivered the books and collected payment. Braun writes that popular volumes included Bibles, farming and health manuals, biographies, and fiction. <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/why-ulysses-s-grant-was-more-important-than-you-think\/\">Ulysses S. Grant<\/a>\u2019s memoirs and the works of <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/tag\/mark-twain\/\">Mark Twain<\/a> were popular choices. Many books published using this \u201csubscription\u201d model sold hundreds of thousands of copies.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">Dumond described pride in her work\u2019s \u201cdissemination of light and knowledge among the masses.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>While the vast majority of book peddlers were men, some publishers recruited women with the idea that they would be well suited to sell books on health and hygiene to female readers, and also that customers would find them sympathetic.<\/p>\n<p>In an 1868 account of her work selling books across northern Illinois and Indiana, Annie Nelles Dumond described taking up the work out of necessity. She wrote that, seeking to escape a difficult childhood, she married young to a man who turned out to already have a wife and children. A second husband abandoned her. So Dumond sought ways to support herself.<\/p>\n<p>When she began selling books, she wore a mourning bonnet. She acknowledged that this was deceptive but wrote that it was \u201calmost necessary to my self-preservation that my past should not be known.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-patron-saint-of-bookstores\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/the_patron_saint_of_bookstores_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"Sylvia Beach outside of Shakespeare &amp; Co., circa 1935\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-patron-saint-of-bookstores\/\">The Patron Saint of Bookstores<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/jamison-pfeifer\/\">Jamison Pfeifer<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOctober 5, 2019\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">100 years ago, Sylvia Beach, the first publisher of James Joyce\u2019s Ulysses, opened the doors to her legendary bookstore, Shakespeare &amp; Co.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>Dumond described pride in her work\u2019s \u201cdissemination of light and knowledge among the masses.\u201d By contrast, in an 1874 book on her own work as a bookseller, J. W. Likins of central California wrote that, despite knowing it was \u201chonorable and legitimate\u201d employment, \u201cit <em>seemed<\/em> to me very much like begging.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Likins, who took the job to support her family after her husband became too ill to work, wrote that some potential customers seemed curious or pitying. But a few men were angry to see a woman out on her own, demanding that she go home to take care of her family or incorrectly assuming that she was a <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/tag\/womens-suffrage\/\">suffragist<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>More disturbingly, in a third autobiographical account Braun considers, published in 1881, a northern California peddler named Harriet Wasson Styer described a man telling her that, if she were his sister, he would murder her rather than allow her to canvass.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required 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<input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_5\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"249\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_5\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>But much of Styer\u2019s account suggested a fascinating experience. She recounted traveling to lumber camps and mining towns, admiring the wild landscapes, and coping with bed bugs and dirty stagecoaches.<\/p>\n<p>Braun notes that all three peddlers were well aware that they were doing something many people believed was improper for a lady, but they took on the work out of a combination of necessity and a chance for adventure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Three nineteenth-century memoirs reveal the risks and rewards of life on the road as a traveling bookseller.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":338406,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11139],"tags":[52,11646],"class_list":["post-338120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-social-history","tag-books","tag-womens-history","pub_tag-textual-cultures","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Women Who Sold Books Door to Door - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Three nineteenth-century memoirs reveal the risks and rewards of life on the road as a traveling bookseller.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Women Who Sold Books Door to Door - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Three nineteenth-century memoirs reveal the risks and rewards of life on the road as a traveling bookseller.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-18T13:42:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/the_women_who_sold_books_door_to_door_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Livia Gershon\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Livia Gershon\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/fd0bdc07f162fa2dc848f01315000b35\"},\"headline\":\"The Women Who Sold Books Door to Door\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-18T13:42:42+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":537,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-who-sold-books-door-to-door\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/the_women_who_sold_books_door_to_door_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"books\",\"women's history\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; 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Contact her on Twitter @liviagershon."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=338120"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338407,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/338120\/revisions\/338407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338406"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=338120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=338120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=338120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":337485,"date":"2026-09-17T09:45:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T13:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org?p=337485&#038;preview=true&#038;preview_id=337485"},"modified":"2026-09-14T14:06:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T18:06:23","slug":"minimalist-fiction-in-six-short-stories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/minimalist-fiction-in-six-short-stories\/","title":{"rendered":"Minimalist Fiction in Six Short Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Just like \u201clove\u201d in Raymond Carver\u2019s iconic short story \u201cWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Love,\u201d \u201cminimalism\u201d is a contested term. Carver, the most famous minimalist, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2007\/12\/24\/rough-crossings\">was averse to the label<\/a>. While the origins of minimalism can be traced to modernist influences like Hemingway and Beckett, the style <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weber.edu\/weberjournal\/Journal_Archives\/Archive_A\/Vol_4-2\/JBarthEss.html\">rose to prominence in the late 1970s and 1980s<\/a>, with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26574794\">influential editor and teacher Gordon Lish<\/a> helping shape and champion the work of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/books\/page-turner\/seduce-the-whole-world-gordon-lishs-workshop\">several writers associated with it<\/a>. But what do we mean when we talk about minimalism? Minimalist fiction is characterized by direct, highly compressed, densely allusive language. Much is left unstated, requiring the reader to decipher character motivations. Minimalism is also often associated with working-class characters, domestic subject matter, and marital dissolution, earning it the nickname \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weber.edu\/weberjournal\/Journal_Archives\/Archive_A\/Vol_4-2\/JBarthEss.html\">Kmart realism<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The following stories are by writers associated with minimalism. The stories are as dense as diamonds, containing truth in very few words. As always, all are free to download.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25117235\">\u201cNightschool\u201d by Raymond Carver<\/a><br \/>\nA classic Raymond Carver setup: a divorc\u00e9 narrator, a bar setting, and dialogue sparking with competing desires. We don\u2019t know why the narrator\u2019s wife left him, but we sense his desperation and alienation as he entertains a wild suggestion from two women who strike up a conversation with him at the Donner Club. An atmosphere of melancholy hangs over the encounter.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43943834\">\u201cPretty Story\u201d by Amy Hempel<\/a><br \/>\nAmy Hempel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/interviews\/227\/the-art-of-fiction-no-176-amy-hempel\">wrote her first story in a workshop led by Gordon Lish<\/a> and has since become known for her miniaturist masterpieces. In this later story, a woman voices her anxieties about having a child: \u201cAnd when I come out of the theatre, it occurs to me that it has been years since I have been to Paris. Years. So I go to Paris, and come back three months later and find a skeleton in the crib.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25305190\">\u201cTrick Scenery\u201d by Frederick Barthelme<\/a><br \/>\nTold from an off-kilter second-person perspective, Frederick Barthelme\u2019s story follows a man with \u201ca face like an old sack, like an old vegetable\u201d as he takes a road trip, yearning for a woman to sit next to him. The story\u2019s language is incantatory, with repetitions that echo the passing scenery. We know nothing about the man except his yearning.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25117897\">\u201cSolo Dance\u201d by Jayne Anne Phillips<\/a><br \/>\nIn this hyper-compressed story, Phillips depicts a woman visiting her father following his cancer operation. The family\u2019s alienation and the father\u2019s divorce from the narrator\u2019s mother are revealed through asides. In a darkly comic turn, the father hopes to regain enough weight post-surgery to pummel his ex-wife\u2019s divorce lawyer.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_17' class='gform_fields 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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_6\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"176\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_6\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/41336615\">\u201cHappy Boy, Allen\u201d by Mary Robison<\/a><br \/>\nMary Robison\u2019s brand of minimalism features whip-smart dialogue and crystalline descriptions, including pillows \u201cthe color of Easter candy.\u201d Young Allen visits his aunt to complain about his father remarrying after his mother\u2019s death. The two get sloshed, but not before pontificating about painting, the nature of faces, and family resentments.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40374808\">\u201cDancing\u201d by Ann Beattie<\/a><br \/>\nIn Beattie\u2019s elegant story of marital dissolution, the narrator looks at a summer house with her ex-husband and his brother-in-law. Why is she there, helping her ex-husband buy a house she\u2019ll never visit? She doesn\u2019t seem to know, and we wonder alongside her. Unlike some of the other writers in the roundup, Beattie applies her minimalist vision to upper-middle-class life, \u201cdissecting yuppies with precision,\u201d according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1998\/06\/08\/books\/books-of-the-times-dissecting-yuppies-with-precision.html\"><em>New York Times<\/em> review<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The art of saying more with less, by Raymond Carver, Amy Hempel, Frederick Barthelme, Jayne Anne Phillips, Mary Robison, and Ann Beattie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":338408,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,5136],"tags":[3673,141],"class_list":["post-337485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts","category-language-literature","tag-fiction","tag-writers","daily_series-roundup","daily_series-teaching-resources","pub_tag-cea-critic","pub_tag-chicago-review","pub_tag-mississippi-review","pub_tag-new-england-review-and-bread-loaf-quarterly","pub_tag-salmagundi","pub_tag-the-north-american-review","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Minimalist Fiction in Six Short Stories - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The art of saying more with less, by Raymond Carver, Amy Hempel, Frederick Barthelme, Jayne Anne Phillips, Mary Robison, and Ann Beattie.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/minimalist-fiction-in-six-short-stories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Minimalist Fiction in Six Short Stories - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The art of saying more with less, by Raymond Carver, Amy Hempel, Frederick Barthelme, Jayne Anne Phillips, Mary Robison, and Ann Beattie.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/minimalist-fiction-in-six-short-stories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta 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the Railways Killed a Medieval Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In 1829, hundreds of spinners and weavers had gathered at the Norfolk Arms Hotel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/844495\">when the floor collapsed under them<\/a>. In the tumble, the crowd fell two stories, all the way into the cellar. Thirty people died.<\/p>\n<p>After the incident, a jury convened for an inquest. They assessed the value of splintered timbers that had been the floor: 5 shillings, to be divided amongst the family of the victims. A pretty paltry sum, even by the standards of the day\u2014but that was the nature of the law.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">When an object killed a person, the owner of that object was on the hook for the value of the thing in question.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>The jury was working from a legal concept that was over eight centuries old: the <em>deodand<\/em>, an obscure survival of medieval law. As William Pietz writes in \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20166967\">Death of the Deodand: Accursed Objects and the Money Value of Human Life<\/a>,\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The term itself comes from the Latin phrase deo dandum, which means &#8220;that which must be given to God.&#8221; It is an example of the idea that evil objects are sacred, that they are charged with divine power, and that they therefore belong to God. In English law prior to 1846, any moveable material object\u2014more specifically, any piece of personal chattel property\u2014that directly caused the death of an adult human being became deodand and, as an accursed thing, was held to be forfeit to God (whose earthly representative in such cases was the royal sovereign).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>By the time of the horrible accident in 1829, the deodand was on its way out. But it would have a surprising last act, making its mark on some of the key legal battles of the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n<p>First, an explanation of the concept: When an object killed a person, the owner of that object was on the hook for the value of the thing in question. That money was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1006346\">due to the king<\/a>, and theoretically was to be used for charitable purposes. In practice, it was usually collected by the local coroner, and often (though not always) given to the family of the deceased.<\/p>\n<p>In theory, a deodand was a moving object that caused someone\u2019s death. But in the course of eight hundred years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30039513\">there can be a lot of variation<\/a>, and when it comes to deodands, it\u2019s much easier to identify the exception than the rule. For instance, say a cask of ginger rolls through a trapdoor and lands on a poor laborer below. Definitely a deodand. Now, imagine a church bell falls on someone and kills them. That should count, right? No: because deodands can only be chattel property, whereas a church bell, being part of a fixture on the landscape, comes under real estate.<\/p>\n<p>Then there\u2019s the motion issue. If you fell off a ladder, that ladder would become a deodand, even though <em>you <\/em>were the one in motion. It\u2019s not about blame, either: based on the case history, it seems that you could be doing a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1006346\">drunken jig<\/a> on the top step, and the ladder could still be declared a deodand.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/where-did-all-the-public-bathrooms-go\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/where_did_all_the_public_bathrooms_go_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"Cast iron and slate urinal with three stalls raised modesty screen, mounted with lamppost and lantern. Boy standing nearby beside lamppost, face blurred by movement. Avenue du Maine, Paris, France.\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/where-did-all-the-public-bathrooms-go\/\">Where Did All the Public Bathrooms Go?<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/amelia-soth\/\">Amelia Soth<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAugust 19, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">Nineteenth-century Paris tackled public urination with ornate <em>pissoirs<\/em>. American reformers later turned toilets into a temperance cause.\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>Another problem is <em>how much <\/em>of the object counts as a deodand. In some cases, for instance, where someone was run over by a cart, only the cart wheel would be assessed as a deodand. But when one Bedfordshire man slipped and fell on the pole of a cart \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30039513\">so that it entered his fundament<\/a>,\u201d the whole cart, including the load and the horses pulling it, was seized.<\/p>\n<p>The reason for all this variation might be that the assessment was left to the discretion of the jury. Just imagine all the factors\u2014invisible in the record\u2014that could have swayed the jury\u2019s findings: local opinion, gossip, public sympathy or blame, and the desire for revenge\u2026 It was an imperfect but accessible means of exacting justice\u2014punishing the negligent, sparing the merely unlucky, providing for the bereaved.<\/p>\n<p>The death knell for deodands was the arrival of the railway. After all, if someone gets struck and killed by a train, it\u2019s pretty hard to dispute that a <em>moving object <\/em>was responsible for their death\u2014but there\u2019s a big difference between a local merchant paying up a couple of shillings for a busted barrel, and a railway company having to pony up the cost of an entire, brand-new locomotive.<\/p>\n<p>There was an element of public sentiment, too: in \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30039513\">Deodands: A Study in the Creation of Common Law Rules<\/a>,\u201d Anna Pervukhin finds that, during the Industrial Revolution, juries began to assess deodands at much higher costs. Perhaps they felt that the industrialists were particularly negligent, or wealthy enough not to mind the cost. In some cases, the jurors even explicitly suggested they would let the whole deodand issue go if the industrialist made some kind of provision for the family of the departed person.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body 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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_7\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"133\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_7\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>Deodands were <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/844495\">written out of the law in 1846<\/a>. This was seen as progress, but as Harry Smith argues in \u201cFrom Deodand to Dependency,\u201d the immediate effect mostly served to protect the railroads:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The real effect of abolishing deodands in that year was to deprive the relatives of railway victims who had no rights against the railway companies of even the smallest compensation. The losers would include the families of passengers who were uninsured, those of trespassers who were careless (or suicidal), and, equally tragically, those of unfortunate railway employees killed in the course of their employment.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Deodands were a messy, odd, and imperfect way of resolving tragedies without clear perpetrators. In recent years, some scholars have proposed reexamining them as a framework for the <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24859520\">legal rights of nature<\/a>. But perhaps a more compelling way to consider them is as a way of thinking about accountability for nonhuman entities. What would a medieval jury do, tasked to rule on an AI encouraging <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/ce3xgwyywe4o\">suicide<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cd605e48q1vo\">murder<\/a>?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deodands put a price on objects that caused death, sometimes providing compensation to bereaved families.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":222,"featured_media":338404,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11137],"tags":[38,88],"class_list":["post-337487","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-world-history","tag-death","tag-law","daily_column-cabinet-of-curiosities","pub_tag-res-anthropology-and-aesthetics","pub_tag-the-american-journal-of-legal-history","pub_tag-transactions-of-the-american-philosophical-society","daily_article_types-column"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How the Railways Killed a Medieval Law - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deodands put a price on objects that caused death, sometimes providing compensation to bereaved families.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How the Railways Killed a Medieval Law - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Deodands put a price on objects that caused death, sometimes providing compensation to bereaved families.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-16T13:42:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/how_the_railways_killed_a_medieval_law_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amelia Soth\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amelia Soth\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2a3a3de0c036ec3c4e1329abfde8153f\"},\"headline\":\"How the Railways Killed a Medieval Law\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-16T13:42:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1010,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/how-the-railways-killed-a-medieval-law\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/how_the_railways_killed_a_medieval_law_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"death\",\"law\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; 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More of her writing can be found at thekikimora.com.","sameAs":["http:\/\/www.thekikimora.com"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337487","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/222"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337487"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337487\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338366,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337487\/revisions\/338366"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338404"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337487"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=337487"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=337487"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":337349,"date":"2026-09-15T09:47:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T13:47:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/?p=337349"},"modified":"2026-09-11T15:29:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-11T19:29:11","slug":"how-cambodian-pop-music-survived-the-khmer-rouge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-cambodian-pop-music-survived-the-khmer-rouge\/","title":{"rendered":"How Cambodian Pop Music Survived the Khmer Rouge"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes called Cambodia\u2019s Elvis Presley, singer Sinn Sisamouth was a household name in the 1960s and remains an icon of Cambodian pop music today. The decade marked a golden age for music in the Southeast Asian nation, which even counted its king among its avid pop singers. Yet the lives of many stars\u2014including Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea\u2014would soon be tragically cut short by war.<\/p>\n<p>This musical era came to a violent end under <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/should-readers-trust-inaccuracy-in-memoirs-about-genocide\/\">the Khmer Rouge regime of the 1970s<\/a>, which shuttered entertainment venues and killed nine in ten of the country\u2019s professional musicians.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">While \u201cCambodia\u2019s popular music culture virtually ceased to exist for a twenty-year period,\u201d it has since made a remarkable comeback.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>It might seem impossible for a culture to recover from such wholesale devastation. But while \u201cCambodia\u2019s popular music culture virtually ceased to exist for a twenty-year period,\u201d it has since <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25501573\">made a remarkable comeback<\/a>, according to ethnographer Stephen Mamula.<\/p>\n<p>While conducting fieldwork in Phnom Penh between 2004 and 2006, Mamula was struck by the \u201cmusical vitality\u201d of the country\u2019s soundscape and the ubiquity of the \u201ccolorful CD jewel cases\u201d on display.<\/p>\n<p>He found that access to technologies such as <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/way-before-mtv-music-ruled-the-living-room\/\">television<\/a> and compact discs (CDs) \u201chas been instrumental in regenerating indigenous culture\u201d in Cambodia.<\/p>\n<p>Mass media is \u201ccirculating both traditional <i>and <\/i>popular musics, producing a degree of re-stabilization to the former and a syncretic conduit for the latter whereby vernacular, non-vernacular, native, and non-native styles are dynamically hybridized,\u201d he writes. At the time of Mamula\u2019s research, music producers based in Phnom Penh or the United States distributed pop music on CDs that could sell for as little as $1.50 to $2 in stores or 40 cents on the black market.<\/p>\n<p>Televised broadcasts and inexpensive video compact disc (VCD) recordings of performances were also common at the time, a prevalence that Mamula attributes in part to the role of visual culture in a society with low literacy rates.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to cassette recordings that survived the war, contemporary musicians at the time could draw on the work of their predecessors and perform versions of songs from the 1950s and 1960s.<\/p>\n<p>Alongside programming devoted to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/924427\">traditional genres<\/a> like pin peat (a form of court music) and mohori (a type of folk ensemble music), the popular channel Cambodia Television Network aired covers of oldies for hours each day.<\/p>\n<p>By the time of Mamula\u2019s research, Cambodian artists had also developed a pop repertoire of their own. The versatile Preap Sovath\u2014\u201c[a]rguably the most popular singer in Cambodia today,\u201d Mamula writes\u2014has released CDs in styles ranging from folk music and lounge tunes to disco <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/honey-cocaines-unexpected-cambodian-canadian-life-story\/\">and rap<\/a>. He was among the performers who appeared on the nationally broadcast program <em>Best of the Best<\/em>, where they\u00a0showcase \u201cimitative interpretations of Western styles such as <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/whats-the-legacy-of-disco-music\/\">disco<\/a>, rap, <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/understanding-the-power-of-power-ballads\/\">power balladry<\/a>, and innocuous love songs\u201d\u2014complete with choreographed dance routines.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/born-without-a-country\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/born_without_a_country_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"A stateless teenager wipes a table clean at a restaurant on May 23, 2024 in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Many stateless teenagers and children find jobs to help support their families, but are often paid a fraction of what Malaysian nationals can earn.\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/born-without-a-country\/\">Born Without a Country<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/h-m-a-leow\/\">H.M.A. Leow<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJuly 24, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">In Southeast Asia, colonial legacies and citizenship policies continue to leave hundreds of thousands without legal nationality.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>Still, Mamula finds contemporary Cambodian pop a far cry from the music of the country\u2019s golden age. \u201cCurrent popular music styles in Cambodia are superficially broad\u2014drawing heavily on Western models\u2014and compositionally weak,\u201d he writes. Citing \u201chighly clich\u00e9d, 1980s electronic textures such as synthetic drums and keyboard washes,\u201d he describes the result as having a \u201cheavily derivative and homogenous sonic quality.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s in stark contrast to musicians of the golden age, known for creatively combining Western and other artistic influences with traditional Cambodian techniques. Popular music from the 1960s blended the Khmer heritage of courtly performing arts with French cabaret songs, brass music, and <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-bossa-nova-craze\/\">bossa nova<\/a> introduced by way of the Philippines.<\/p>\n<p>Mamula suggests that a \u201c<i>body-to-music<\/i> relationship inherently shared by African and Southeast Asian expressive traditions\u201d encouraged the adoption of dance moves like the twist and the jerk. Performers also developed \u201ca unique hybrid technique crossing African-derived hip movement with indigenous <i>apsara<\/i> gestures.\u201d These gestures come from the centuries-old Cambodian <i>apsara <\/i>dance form, which involves complex movements of the hands, wrists, and head.<\/p>\n<p>At the time of Mamula\u2019s research, however, Cambodian artists had \u201cnot yet matched [this] syncretic and musical depth,\u201d a gap he attributes in part to having had to learn their craft through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48839295\">digital media<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_17' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id=\"field_17_6\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_17_6'><span class='gform-field-label__text'>Name<\/span><\/label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_6' id='input_17_6' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'\/><\/div><div 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<input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_8\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"79\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_8\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\u201cThrough its genocide, the Khmer Rouge effectively severed the creative link between this rich generation of popular song composers\u2014those possessing vast professional experience and teaching skills\u2014from the generation that followed,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n<p>Still, Mamula concludes, \u201c[W]ith the aid of mass-mediated communication, Cambodian popular music bearers may continue to rekindle vital connections to their past and reestablish indigenous popular music as a unique cultural phenomenon.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After genocide decimated the country\u2019s musicians, old recordings helped a new generation reconnect with Cambodia\u2019s musical past.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":311,"featured_media":338401,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,5273],"tags":[5045,5073],"class_list":["post-337349","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-arts","category-film-media","tag-asia","tag-pop-music","pub_tag-asian-music","pub_tag-ethnomusicology","pub_tag-humboldt-journal-of-social-relations","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How Cambodian Pop Music Survived the Khmer Rouge - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"After genocide decimated the country\u2019s musicians, old recordings helped a new generation reconnect with Cambodia\u2019s musical past.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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Leow"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/311"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337349"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338402,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337349\/revisions\/338402"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/338401"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337349"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=337349"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=337349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":338117,"date":"2026-09-14T09:35:08","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T13:35:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/?p=338117"},"modified":"2026-09-11T11:01:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-11T15:01:28","slug":"the-women-written-out-of-mining-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\/","title":{"rendered":"The Women Written Out of Mining History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A miner is typically envisioned as a brawny bro at the coal face or a crusty Forty-niner sourdough sluicing for gold. In other words, as masculine as you can get. That\u2019s the image, yet women have mined around the world throughout history.<\/p>\n<p>And today, as scholars Rossana Barrag\u00e1n Romano and Leda Papastefanaki explain, in some countries they can make up to 50% of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26955613\">millions of people who work in artisanal and small-scale mining<\/a>, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/earthdaily.com\/blog\/what-is-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-asm-and-why-does-it-matter-globally\">ASM<\/a> to the UN and the World Bank.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">Early modern mining was a household affair, with all members of the family performing mining tasks.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>Women, Romano and Papastefanaki continue, \u201cwere as active as miners in the past as they are in the present.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But because mining has been considered and even legislated as men\u2019s work, Romano and Papastefanaki argue that women have largely been erased from the history of mining. Their obscurity in the record carries over to the invisibility of the many women who work in mining today, often in \u201cthe worst and most precarious conditions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Over a span of two centuries, women were evicted from the mines of Europe and North America as \u201cprotective\u201d laws banned them from mining. This was concurrent with the rise of the ideology of the male breadwinner and the masculinization of workplaces, part of the process of the \u201cde-labourization\u201d of women since the eighteenth century. Women, write Romano and Papastefanaki, \u201cwere increasingly excluded from more or less formal wage labor employment by state and employer regulations.\u201d Instead, women came to be seen \u201cprimarily as mothers and reproducers of the labour force\u201d\u2014even as their work in households, in mining communities as elsewhere, was ignored or devalued. The prohibition on wage work for women, in mining as elsewhere, became widespread around the world, but of course that started to change after the mid-twentieth century.<\/p>\n<p>Early modern mining was a household affair, with all members of the family performing mining tasks. As Romano and Papastefanaki note, \u201cmining\u201d encompasses many things, whether it takes place underground or on the surface: hewing, hauling, sorting, crushing and grinding, washing, drying, and so on. There was typically a gender division in these family operations, with men hewing and women and children hauling.<\/p>\n<p>In Europe, small mines worked by families or groups of families were absorbed into larger capitalist enterprises starting in the late eighteenth century. \u201cMineworkers were transformed from small, independent, and petty producers into wage workers in larger enterprises.\u201d Capitalization, centralization, and mechanization served to push out women: \u201cthe exclusion of women seems to parallel the emergence and constitution of capitalism.\u201d Unions, working to protect men\u2019s labor, likewise had no room for women.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"daily-explore story-list more-to-explore bg-color-gray\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"story-list-header\">More to Explore<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease image-left default \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__featured-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-sicilian-sulfur-fueled-the-industrial-revolution\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1050\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/how_sicilian_sulfur_fueled_the_industrial_revolution_1050x700.jpg\" class=\" wp-post-image\" alt=\"Child laborers at the entrance of a Sicilian sulfur mine\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-tease__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/how-sicilian-sulfur-fueled-the-industrial-revolution\/\">How Sicilian Sulfur Fueled the Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"byline\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/daily-author\/matthew-wills\/\">Matthew Wills<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\tJune 15, 2026\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"subtitle\">Britain\u2019s textile boom depended on a resource extracted under brutal conditions far from its factories.<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<p>In Great Britain, women were prohibited from working underground in coal mines by the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842, one of the very first laws to limit labor on the basis of gender. Similar prohibitions followed in the coal-producing regions of France and Belgium and then, especially after World War I, elsewhere around the world.<\/p>\n<p>Even after the 1842 Act, British women continued to mine on the surface, while other women simply evaded the law since it made no provision for compensation for the forcibly unemployed. \u201cWomen wore men\u2019s clothes in order to pass as men in the pits.\u201d Later, British women were \u201cseen as heroines when they were required\u201d in the pits during World War I, \u201cbut were quickly discarded thereafter.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Member states of the International Labour Organization (ILO, founded in 1919) prohibited women miners through the early twentieth century. Japan, for instance, moved rapidly: from \u201c36,759 women working in more than 198 mines in 1928 to 8,146 in 136 mines in 1931\u201d until, after World War II, Japanese women\u2019s employment in large mines ended.<\/p>\n\n\t<div class=\"daily_email_signup weekly-digest \">\n\t\t<h4>Weekly Newsletter<\/h4>\n\t\t\n                <div class='gf_browser_gecko gform_wrapper gravity-theme gform-theme--no-framework' data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_17' >\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class='gform_required_legend'>&quot;<span class=\"gfield_required gfield_required_asterisk\">*<\/span>&quot; indicates required fields<\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data'  id='gform_17'  action='\/?after=2026-08-06T00%3A00%3A00&#038;page=1&#038;rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fposts' data-formid='17' novalidate>\n               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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_9\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"118\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_9\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>But then in the mid-twentieth century, the domestication of women\u2019s labor came under assault as unfair and discriminatory. There was a re-laborization, as it were, of waged work for women. In the US in 1974, for instance, two United Mine Workers members became the <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.dol.gov\/news-events\/blog\/brief-history-women-mining\">first union women to work underground<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Today, across Africa, Asia, and Latin America, women make up 10<span>\u2013<\/span>50% of the mining workforce\u2014depending on location\u2014in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.delvedatabase.org\/data\">artisanal and small-scale mining<\/a>. Ghana and Nepal have the highest percentages of women miners. A lot of gold and 80% of the world\u2019s gemstones come from ASM, which is characterized, note Romano and Papastefanaki, by \u201clow technology, intensive labour, low rates of production, and poor safety, health, and environmental conditions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The World Bank puts the number of people directly employed in ASM at 43 million in 80 countries, with at least three times that number being dependent on such activity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women have mined for centuries, but laws barring them from the industry helped cement the idea that mining was men\u2019s work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":338389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,11137],"tags":[3407,11646],"class_list":["post-338117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics","category-world-history","tag-mining","tag-womens-history","pub_tag-international-review-of-social-history","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Women Written Out of Mining History - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Women have mined for centuries, but laws barring them from the industry helped cement the idea that mining was men\u2019s work.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Women Written Out of Mining History - JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Women have mined for centuries, but laws barring them from the industry helped cement the idea that mining was men\u2019s work.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"JSTOR Daily\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSTOR.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/matthew.wills.9465\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-14T13:35:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/the_women_written_out_of_mining_history_1050x700.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1050\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Matthew Wills\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@JSTOR_Daily\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Matthew Wills\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/79555175827fa94c76561265141d66e7\"},\"headline\":\"The Women Written Out of Mining History\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-14T13:35:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":799,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/the-women-written-out-of-mining-history\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/daily.jstor.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/the_women_written_out_of_mining_history_1050x700.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"mining\",\"women's history\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Politics &amp; 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After inputting your keywords into the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/\">JSTOR search bar<\/a>, you may get back hundreds or thousands of results, even if you used multiple keywords or Boolean operators. Some results may be useful in your research, but others may not be, and it would be extremely difficult and time-consuming to wade through every source listed.<\/p>\n<p>A simple solution to make your search more effective is to use the Refine Results\u00a0feature, found on the left of the results page. There you\u2019ll find different limiters, or filters, to make your search more precise.<\/p>\n<h2>Refine Results Options<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cSearch Within Results\u201d allows you to enrich your search by adding another keyword. When adding another keyword, make sure to click the magnifying glass, or hit Enter, to include it in your search. Doing this will retrieve sources with the additional keyword in the text and omit any that did not contain that keyword.<\/p>\n<p>You can also choose the academic content type, such as journals or research reports, and you can even choose a specific type of primary source content, such as serials, documents, books, images, or sometimes even audio and video recordings.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"align-wide size-full wp-image-338354\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/how_to_refine_your_jstor_search_2000.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1057\" \/><\/p>\n<p>If your results are spanning a large number of years, you can adjust the date range to further limit what you\u2019re reading and ensure the results are contemporary with your topic. When adding a date range, make sure to click the red \u201cApply\u201d button, or the results won\u2019t be updated.<\/p>\n\t\t<aside class=\"pull-quote center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pull-quote__text\">By adding more information to the Refine Results section, you\u2019ll see in real time how your results are changing to suit your search.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/aside>\n\t\t\n<p>There is also a subject list that allows you to choose specific subjects within the results, such as \u201cAfrican American Studies\u201d or \u201cEconomics.\u201d Choosing a specific subject may help you get results more pertinent to your specific topic. You can even choose the language of your results!<\/p>\n<p>The last option in the Refine Results list is Access Type. You can choose between \u201cEverything,\u201d which will list everything available on JSTOR, or \u201cContent I can access,\u201d which will limit your results to what\u2019s available through your institution. Anything listed under \u201cContent I can access\u201d will be immediately available to you.<\/p>\n<p>By adding more information to the Refine Results section, you\u2019ll see in real time how your results are changing to suit your search.<\/p>\n<h2>JSTOR Advanced Search<\/h2>\n<p>Alternatively, you may want to use the advanced limiters when you begin your search through <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/showAdvancedSearch\">JSTOR\u2019s Advanced Search<\/a>.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/action\/showAdvancedSearch\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-338353 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/how_to_refine_your_jstor_search_1050.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1050\" height=\"1081\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>On the Advanced Search page, type a specific keyword under \u201cTerm(s)\u201d. Through the dropdown menu, you can choose between \u201call fields,\u201d \u201cauthor,\u201d \u201citem title,\u201d \u201cabstract,\u201d or \u201ccaption.\u201d Next, you can add another keyword, utilizing the Boolean dropdown menu, which also includes options to search for terms between a specific number of words, such as within 5, 10, or 25 words of each other. 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value='Instructor\/Faculty' >Instructor\/Faculty<\/option><option value='Librarian' >Librarian<\/option><option value='Researcher' >Researcher<\/option><\/select><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n        <div class='gform-footer gform_footer top_label'> <button type='submit' id='gform_submit_button_17' class='gform_button button' onclick='gform.submission.handleButtonClick(this);' data-submission-type='submit' >Subscribe<\/button> \n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_submission_method' data-js='gform_submission_method_17' value='postback' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_theme' data-js='gform_theme_17' id='gform_theme_17' value='gravity-theme' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_style_settings' data-js='gform_style_settings_17' id='gform_style_settings_17' value='[]' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' class='gform_hidden' name='is_submit_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input 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value='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' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_target_page_number_17' id='gform_target_page_number_17' value='0' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' autocomplete='off' class='gform_hidden' name='gform_source_page_number_17' id='gform_source_page_number_17' value='1' \/>\n            <input type='hidden' name='gform_field_values' value='' \/>\n            \n        <\/div>\n                        <p style=\"display: none !important;\" class=\"akismet-fields-container\" data-prefix=\"ak_\"><label>&#916;<textarea name=\"ak_hp_textarea\" cols=\"45\" rows=\"8\" maxlength=\"100\"><\/textarea><\/label><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"ak_js_10\" name=\"ak_js\" value=\"62\"\/><script>\ndocument.getElementById( \"ak_js_10\" ).setAttribute( \"value\", ( new Date() ).getTime() );\n<\/script>\n<\/p><\/form>\n                        <\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<p>Scrolling further down on the page, under Narrow Results, you\u2019ll see similar options to those listed in Refine Results. There you can choose a specific item type, publication date range, journal title, or subject. Once you\u2019re finished, click \u201cSubmit advanced search.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The results page will be the same as if you had searched through the search bar on the main page, but your results will be more specific to your refined search. And if the results aren\u2019t specific enough, you can refine them further through the Refine Results feature to the left of the page.<\/p>\n<p>Experiment with the Refine Results feature or Advanced Search feature to see which search strategy you prefer. With all of the options to enhance your search, you may be surprised by what you can find on JSTOR.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Too many JSTOR results? Learn how filters and Advanced Search can help you quickly identify sources that fit your research topic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":338349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8026,6],"tags":[1318,302],"class_list":["post-338092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education","category-education-and-society","tag-education","tag-research","daily_series-research-tips","daily_series-teaching-resources","daily_article_types-quick-reads"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Refine Your JSTOR Search - JSTOR Daily<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Too many JSTOR results? 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